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官琰格
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发布于:2015-12-24 08:52
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重生之超级神器
元御天下
超能黄金手
西焱大陆
极品仙师
rtdc3sDikf
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Contents
Preface page xi
1 Introduction 1
Empirical psychology and philosophical analysis 2
Metaphysics and the philosophy of mind 3
A brief guide to the rest of this book 6
2 Minds, bodies and people 8
Cartesian dualism 9
The conceivability argument 11
The divisibility argument 13
Non-Cartesian dualism 15
Are persons simple substances? 18
Conceptual objections to dualistic interaction 21
Empirical objections to dualistic interaction 24
The causal closure argument 26
Objections to the causal closure argument 29
Other arguments for and against physicalism 32
Conclusions 36
3 Mental states 39
Propositional attitude states 40
Behaviourism and its problems 41
Functionalism 44
Functionalism and psychophysical identity theories 48
The problem of consciousness 51
Qualia and the inverted spectrum argument 53
Some possible responses to the inverted spectrum argument 55
The absent qualia argument and two notions of consciousness 59
Eliminative materialism and ‘folk psychology’ 61
Some responses to eliminative materialism 64
Conclusions 66
vii
viii Contents
4 Mental content 69
Propositions 70
The causal relevance of content 74
The individuation of content 79
Externalism in the philosophy of mind 82
Broad versus narrow content 84
Content, representation and causality 89
Misrepresentation and normality 92
The teleological approach to representation 95
Objections to a teleological account of mental content 99
Conclusions 100
5 Sensation and appearance 102
Appearance and reality 103
Sense-datum theories and the argument from illusion 107
Other arguments for sense-data 110
Objections to sense-datum theories 112
The adverbial theory of sensation 114
The adverbial theory and sense-data 116
Primary and secondary qualities 119
Sense-datum theories and the primary/secondary distinction 121
An adverbial version of the primary/secondary distinction 125
Do colour-properties really exist? 126
Conclusions 128
6 Perception 130
Perceptual experience and perceptual content 131
Perceptual content, appearance and qualia 135
Perception and causation 137
Objections to causal theories of perception 143
The disjunctive theory of perception 145
The computational and ecological approaches to perception 149
Consciousness, experience and ‘blindsight’ 155
Conclusions 158
7 Thought and language 160
Modes of mental representation 162
The ‘language of thought’ hypothesis 164
Analogue versus digital representation 167
Imagination and mental imagery 169
Thought and communication 175
Do animals think? 178
Natural language and conceptual schemes 183
Contents ix
Knowledge of language: innate or acquired? 188
Conclusions 191
8 Human rationality and artificial intelligence 193
Rationality and reasoning 194
The Wason selection task 196
The base rate fallacy 200
Mental logic versus mental models 203
Two kinds of rationality 208
Artificial intelligence and the Turing test 209
Searle’s ‘Chinese room’ thought-experiment 214
The Frame Problem 218
Connectionism and the mind 221
Conclusions 227
9 Action, intention and will 230
Agents, actions and events 231
Intentionality 235
The individuation of actions 240
Intentionality again 243
Trying and willing 246
Volitionism versus its rivals 250
Freedom of the will 252
Motives, reasons and causes 257
Conclusions 262
10 Personal identity and self-knowledge 264
The first person 266
Persons and criteria of identity 270
Personal memory 277
Memory and causation 282
Animalism 283
Knowing one’s own mind 288
Moore’s paradox and the nature of conscious belief 291
Externalism and self-knowledge 293
Self-deception 296
Conclusions 297
Bibliography 298
Index 313

Preface
At a time when many introductory books on the philosophy
of mind are available, it would be fair to ask me why I have
written another one. I have at least two answers to this question.
One is that some of the more recent introductions to
this subject have been rather narrow in their focus, tending
to concentrate upon the many different ‘isms’ that have
emerged of late – reductionism, functionalism, eliminativism,
instrumentalism, non-reductive physicalism and so
forth, all of them divisible into further sub-varieties. Another
is that I am disturbed by the growing tendency to present
the subject in a quasi-scientific way, as though the only
proper role for philosophers of mind is to act as junior partners
within the wider community of ‘cognitive scientists’. It
may be true that philosophers of an earlier generation were
unduly dismissive – and, indeed, ignorant – of empirical psychology
and neuroscience, but now there is a danger that the
pendulum has swung too far in the opposite direction.
Perhaps it will be thought that my two answers are in conflict
with one another, inasmuch as the current obsession
with the different ‘isms’ does at least appear to indicate an
interest in the metaphysics of mind, a distinctly philosophical
enterprise. But there is no real conflict here, because much
of the so-called ‘metaphysics’ in contemporary philosophy of
mind is really rather lightweight, often having only a tenuous
relation to serious foundational work in ontology. In fact,
most of the current ‘isms’ in the philosophy of mind are generated
by the need felt by their advocates to propound and
justify a broadly physicalist account of the mind and its capaxi
xii Preface
cities, on the questionable assumption that this alone can
render talk about the mind scientifically respectable. Many
of the esoteric disputes between philosophers united by this
common assumption have arisen simply because it is very
unclear just what ‘physicalism’ in the philosophy of mind
really entails. In the chapters that follow, I shall try not to
let that relatively sterile issue dominate and distort our philosophical
inquiries.
This book is aimed primarily at readers who have already
benefited from a basic grounding in philosophical argument
and analysis and are beginning to concentrate in more detail
upon specific areas of philosophy, in this case the philosophy
of mind. The coverage of the subject is broad but at the same
time, I hope, sharply focused and systematic. A start is made
with a look at some fundamental metaphysical problems of
mind and body, with arguments for and against dualism providing
the focus of attention. Then some general theories of
the nature of mental states are explained and criticised, the
emphasis here being upon the strengths and weaknesses of
functionalist approaches. Next we turn to problems concerning
the ‘content’ of intentional states of mind, such as
the question of whether content can be assigned to mental
states independently of the wider physical environments of
the subjects whose states they are. In the remaining chapters
of the book, attention is focused successively upon more specific
aspects of mind and personality: sensation, perception,
thought and language, reasoning and intelligence, action and
intention, and finally personal identity and self-knowledge.
The order in which these topics are covered has been deliberately
chosen so as to enable the reader to build upon the
understanding gained from earlier chapters in getting to
grips with the topics of later chapters. Rather than include
separate guides to further reading for the topics covered by
the book, I have avoided unnecessary duplication by constructing
the notes for each chapter in such a way that they
serve this purpose as well as providing references.
The book is not partisan, in the sense of espousing an
exclusive approach to questions about the mind in general –
Preface xiii
such as any particular form of physicalism or dualism – but
at the same time it does not remain blandly neutral on more
specific issues. Developments in empirical psychology are
taken into account, but are not allowed to overshadow genuinely
philosophical problems. Indeed, my approach is a problem-
oriented one, raising questions and possible answers,
rather than aiming to be purely instructive. I have

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